Author: Exams Corner

Introduction The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN), entrusted with resolving disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on international legal matters. Established in 1945, the ICJ serves as a cornerstone of the international legal system, promoting the peaceful resolution of conflicts and the rule of law. Historical Background The ICJ was established under the UN Charter in 1945, succeeding the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which operated under the League of Nations. The ICJ began its work in April 1946, after the dissolution of the PCIJ. The court is…

Introduction The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an independent judicial institution that plays a vital role in ensuring accountability for the most serious crimes under international law. Established in 2002, the ICC is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, and operates as a court of last resort to prosecute individuals for crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression. Historical Background The ICC was established through the Rome Statute, adopted on July 17, 1998, by 120 states at a diplomatic conference in Rome. The court officially began functioning on July 1, 2002, when the Rome Statute entered into…

Introduction The Bermuda Conference, held from April 19 to April 30, 1943, was a meeting between representatives of the United States and the United Kingdom to address the plight of Jewish refugees during World War II. This conference, convened in Bermuda, came at a time when reports of the Holocaust and Nazi atrocities were becoming increasingly clear. Despite its potential significance, the Bermuda Conference is often criticized as a missed opportunity to take decisive action against one of history’s darkest chapters. Background of the Bermuda Conference By the early 1940s, the Holocaust was well underway. Reports of mass deportations, concentration…

Introduction The United Nations Secretary-General (UNSG) is often referred to as the “world’s top diplomat,” a position of immense influence and responsibility in global governance. As the head of the United Nations Secretariat, the Secretary-General plays a pivotal role in promoting international peace, security, and cooperation. This article delves into the key responsibilities, selection process, and challenges faced by the UN Secretary-General, highlighting the significance of this role in addressing global issues. Key Responsibilities of the UN Secretary-General The Secretary-General serves as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and performs various functions as outlined in the UN Charter.…

Introduction The Genocide Convention of 1948, officially known as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, is one of the most critical international treaties in modern history. Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1948, it came into force on January 12, 1951, and marked a decisive step in humanity’s collective effort to prevent and punish the heinous crime of genocide. This article explores the key aspects of the Genocide Convention, its implications, and its enduring relevance. What is Genocide? The Genocide Convention defines genocide as acts committed with the intent to…

On the occasion of Republic Day 2025, the Government of India announced the prestigious Padma Awards, honoring individuals for their exceptional contributions across various fields. This year, seven eminent personalities have been conferred with the Padma Vibhushan, the nation’s second-highest civilian award, while nineteen distinguished individuals have been honored with the Padma Bhushan. Padma Vibhushan Awardees Padma Bhushan Awardees The Padma Awards continue to honor individuals who have made significant contributions to society, reflecting the diverse talents and dedication present across the nation.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was created with the mission of tackling drug abuse and related crimes across the world. It focuses on improving crime prevention and assisting in criminal justice reforms in various countries. The office was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by merging two existing UN offices, and was renamed in 2002 to reflect its broader responsibilities. UNODC plays a crucial role in addressing some of the most significant global challenges, such as illicit drug trafficking, drug abuse, political corruption, terrorism, and crime prevention. The office works…

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito, played a significant role in the formation and development of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The country’s capital, Belgrade, hosted the first NAM summit in 1961, making it an essential player in the movement’s early years. This article explores the relationship between Yugoslavia and NAM, shedding light on its policies and influence during the Cold War era. Yugoslavia’s Role in the Foundation of NAM Yugoslavia’s path to the Non-Aligned Movement was shaped by its unique historical and political circumstances. The country gained liberation from World War II largely…

In March 2021, the Suez Canal, one of the world’s most critical shipping lanes, faced an unprecedented blockage caused by the massive 20,000 TEU container ship Ever Given. This incident significantly disrupted international trade between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, highlighting vulnerabilities in global supply chains. Background of the Event The Suez Canal is one of the busiest and most crucial shipping lanes globally, facilitating approximately 12% of total global trade. As of 2021, nearly 50 ships transited the canal daily. Despite expansion efforts, most of the canal remains a single-lane route, increasing the risk of such blockages. The…

The Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030), endorsed by UN agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, is a comprehensive global vision and strategy aimed at addressing immunization and vaccine challenges over the next decade. This initiative seeks to save over 50 million lives by strengthening immunization systems worldwide. Launch and Objectives During World Immunization Week 2021, IA2030 was launched as part of the efforts to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), which focuses on Good Health and Well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of vaccines in fighting diseases, saving lives, and fostering healthier,…